Newsletter
Nature, Nurture, and Good Luck
“One of the deepest, one of the most general functions of living organisms is to look ahead, to produce future,” according to the late François Jacob (citing Paul Valéry).
The role of scientists, and biologists in particular, has been to describe possible futures, predict the likeliest path to get there (through deterministic models, for example), confront the reality of where those paths actually lead, then revise their hypotheses and carry on. Amidst the array of what is possible, some events are necessary, and some are contingent. Jacques Monod, in his essay Chance & Necessity, argued that any commitment to objectivity requires a central role being accorded to chance. The ability to establish how much of the observable world is deterministic and how much comes down to chance — either through quantum indeterminacy or stochastic uncertainty — via well-designed experiments should allow us to describe the world not through averaging large numbers across some distribution, but to understand what makes individual events, cells, organisms unique.
The study of individual behavior is one where there should be a particular emphasis on going beyond simple averages and distributions to understand what underpins the sense of individuality. The age-old debate between nature (the contribution of genes) and nurture (the environment, parenting, food, etc.) seems to have missed an influential factor, though: noise. It is well known that individual animals with identical genomes, reared identically, nevertheless exhibit behavioral differences. Some recent research suggests the role of this randomness in shaping who we are could be far more significant than measurable environmental factors and, in some cases, as much as genetic ones. To understand the contributions of genes and environments, scientists typically rely on two kinds of studies:
Decades of studies concluded that DNA generally accounts for about half of the difference between individuals. If the other half is attributable to a vaguely described “environment,” understanding better what this black box entails is essential. The de Bivort lab at Harvard University, which seeks to understand the role of the environment on phenotypic outcomes, subdivided non-heritable effects into those which can be predicted from measurable variables and those that cannot. These latter effects are stochastic. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, the lab demonstrated that genetically identical animals raised in conditions that are as similar as possible could have slightly different brain wiring. For instance, they found that fruit flies have an innate, long-lasting preference for turning to the left or right while walking around, controlled by the wiring pattern of brain cells called columnar neurons. Fly offspring didn’t inherit this tendency from their parents. They concluded that the cause was intrinsic random events at the cellular level. The low number of cells involved in these processes and a well-furnished genetic toolkit (including neuronal silencing/activation, gene over-expression/silencing, optophysiological recording) allowed the group to identify what stochastic events influenced cell fate and gave the organism its idiosyncratic biases. To further understand how infinitely minor differences in gene expression between two cells can lead to significant phenotypic differences, new tools were developed to assess the role of feedback loops in stochastic fluctuation and its amplification.
Saying that each individual is unique sounds like an unnecessary truism, but studying stochastic factors leading to such diversity highlights the unpredictable nature of nature. And hopefully over time will lead to better understanding of why people behave the way they do.
First Five is our curated list of articles, studies, and publications for the month. For our full list of interesting media in health, science, and technology, updated regularly, follow us on Twitter or Instagram.
1/ A quick stroll and goodnight
A research group has finally found the best way to soothe a crying baby and return it to bed. The best method is, apparently, to hold a crying baby and walk with them for five minutes before returning them to their crib. Of course, we suspect there will be some individual variability (see above).
2/ A well-controlled experiment
It turns out that an experimenter’s gender can modulate the behavior of mice and the smells of men and women are decisive factors in how they will respond. Not stochastic but hard to predict…
3/ Say it with your hands or not at all
Researchers showed that preventing people from gesturing hand-manipulable objects reduced brain activity. It would suggest that gesturing is integral to cognition, helping communicate and understand the world.
4/ A snack during the day keeps depression at bay
A team at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston showed that meal timing might affect mental health, including levels of depression- and anxiety-related mood. Eating during both the day and the night increased depression-like mood levels by 26 percent and anxiety-like mood levels by 16 percent compared to the group that would only eat during the day.
5/ Radical development
A study published in Science showed how people create their own oxidation field and change the air chemistry around them. This confirms what mice already knew, but the team here further studies how hydroxyl radicals (OH) were a product of a reaction with the skin oil squalene.
PORTFOLIO NEWS
Eden Brew
Would you eat meat and milk made in a lab? The Australian companies turning science-fiction into reality
ABC News >
Lab-grown milk to hit shelves by 2024 – minus the cow and the carbon
The Sydney Morning Herald >
Faeth Therapeutics
Faeth Therapeutics offers food for thought in the fight against cancer
The Times >
Faeth Therapeutics partners for 'maximal participation' in remote cancer trial
Outsourcing Pharma >
Good Therapeutics
Good Therapeutics announced it has entered into a definitive merger agreement to be acquired by Roche for its lead asset. The broader technology will continue its development through new company named Bonum Therapeutics.
STAT > Business Wire > Endpoint >
GRO Biosciences
GRO Biosciences Announces Addition of Nicole Paulk, PhD, to Scientific Advisory Board
Business Wire >
Kingdom Superculture
How Microbial Fermentation Is Taking Eleven Madison Park’s Vegan Menu to the Next Level
VegNews >
Rejuvenate Bio
Rejuvenate Bio CEO highlights ambitious approach of using gene therapy to reverse aging
MedCity News >
Scratchpay
Healthcare financier Scratchpay secures $35M Series C
TechCrunch > PR News >
PORTFOLIO JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Digitalis portfolio companies are hiring
See Open Positions >
Public-Interest Technologies for Better Health
Digitalis Commons is a non-profit that partners with groups and individuals striving to address complex health problems by building public-interest technology solutions that are frontier-advancing, open-access, and scalable.
Tilting against complex health windmills is hard work, a recent piece by Annie Duke in The Atlantic explains why sometimes quitting is underrated, and grit is not always a virtue.
August 2022 — Risky Business >
July 2022 — On Creativity >
June 2022 — Abortion is Healthcare >
May 2022 — Life, the Universe, and Everything >
April 2022 — The Time of Your Life >
March 2022 — Lampposts and Genomics >